SKU: 90437441369

Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States

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Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United StatesThe 2000 presidential race resulted in the highest profile ballot battle in over a century. But it is far from the only American election determined by a handful of votes and marred by claims of fraud. Since the founding of the nation, violence frequently erupted as the votes were being counted, and more than a few elections produced manifestly unfair results. Despite America's claim to be the world's greatest democracy, its adherence to the basic

The 2000 presidential race resulted in the highest-profile ballot battle in over a century. But it is far from the only American election determined by a handful of votes and marred by claims of fraud. Since the founding of the nation, violence frequently erupted as the votes were being counted, and more than a few elections produced manifestly unfair results. Despite America's claim to be the world's greatest democracy, its adherence to the basic tenets of democratic elections-the ability to count ballots accurately and fairly even when the stakes are high-has always been shaky. A rigged gubernatorial election in New York in 1792 nearly ended in calls for another revolution, and an 1899 gubernatorial race even resulted in an assassination. Though acts of violence have decreased in frequency over the past century, fairness and accuracy in ballot counting nonetheless remains a basic problem in American political life.

In Ballot Battles, Edward Foley presents a sweeping history of election controversies in the United States, tracing how their evolution generated legal precedents that ultimately transformed how we determine who wins and who loses. While weaving a narrative spanning over two centuries, Foley repeatedly returns to an originating event: because the Founding Fathers despised parties and never envisioned the emergence of a party system, they wrote a constitution that did not provide clear solutions for high-stakes and highly-contested elections in which two parties could pool resources against one another. Moreover, in the American political system that actually developed, politicians are beholden to the parties which they represent - and elected officials have typically had an outsized say in determining the outcomes of extremely close elections that involve recounts. This underlying structural problem, more than anything else, explains why intense ballot battles that leave one side feeling aggrieved will continue to occur for the foreseeable future.

American democracy has improved dramatically over the last two centuries. But the same cannot be said for the ways in which we determine who wins the very close races. From the founding until today, there has been little progress toward fixing the problem. Indeed, supporters of John Jay in 1792 and opponents of Lyndon Johnson in the 1948 Texas Senate race would find it easy to commiserate with Al Gore after the 2000 election. Ballot Battles is not only the first full chronicle of contested elections in the US. It also provides a powerful explanation of why the American election system has been-and remains-so ineffective at deciding the tightest races in a way that all sides will agree is fair.

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SKU: 90437441369

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Sarah B
Waukegan, US
★★★★★ 5
Good seal and cute in photos
Color: Pop Rainbow Sweet Purple, Color: Pop Rainbow Sweet Purple
We had the prior version of these Speedo kids’ goggles and these ones are much better. First, they have the same great no catch string that comes on and off without pulling hair. But they also have a better seal around the eyes, and so after days of hotel pool and swim class swimming we haven’t had a leak yet. The new frames also look a lot more like really cute kids’ sunglasses, so they’re great for all-day hotel pool wear and look great in our holiday photos.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 12, 2026
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Courtney
West Palm Beach, US
★★★★★ 5
4 year old approved!
Color: Pop Rainbow Flare Pink, Color: Pop Rainbow Flare Pink
These goggles are absolutely perfect for my 4.5 year old. She is obsessed with them and they are easy enough for her to put on herself. We've been using for over 6 months now and they are still in perfect condition! Highly recommend these because they seem very durable and difficult to break.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 21, 2026
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sswan
Battle Creek, US
★★★★★ 5
Comfortable and don't leak
Color: Blue
These are my kids favorite swim goggles. The adjusting in the back helps them fit better and doesn't get tangled in his hair. This also don'ts leak like some other brands. Mom approved.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 27, 2026
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Lianet Tellez
Whiting, US
★★★★★ 5
Cooler
Color: Clear Blue 4 PK, Size: 4 Pack
I absolutely love these Cool Coolers by Fit & Fresh! They are truly amazing and have made such a difference in keeping my food fresh. The slim XL design is perfect because it fits easily into my lunch bag or cooler without taking up too much space. What really impressed me is how quickly they freeze and how long they stay cold. They keep everything nicely chilled for hours, which is exactly what I need for busy days. Plus, they are reusable and very durable, so they’re a great eco-friendly option. The quality is excellent, and the performance is even better than I expected. I highly recommend this product to anyone looking for reliable and efficient ice packs!
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Reviewed in the United States on March 24, 2026
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sunflowers
Chelsea, US
★★★★★ 5
Keep Everything Cold All Day!
Color: Multi (4 Pack), Size: 4 Count (Pack of 1)
These ice packs are absolutely perfect! The 4-pack gives me plenty of options to keep drinks, lunch, and snacks cold no matter where I go, whether it’s work, a picnic, or a day trip. They freeze quickly, stay cold for hours (I live in a really hot climate and they stay cold in my car all day), and fit perfectly in lunchboxes, coolers, or insulated bags without taking up too much space because they are pretty thin. The packs are very durable, completely leak-proof, and easy to clean, which makes them convenient for everyday use. I love that having four means I can always have a frozen one ready while the others are thawing. Overall, this set is reliable, long-lasting, and makes keeping food and drinks cold simple and stress-free — I would highly recommend them to anyone!
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Reviewed in the United States on March 5, 2026

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