作者
羅伯．薩波斯基 Robert M. Sapolsky
神經生物學家（研究大腦的人）暨靈長類對物學家（研究猴子和猩猩的人），從小喜歡閱讀，花長時間閱讀和想像與銀背大猩猩一起生活的樣貌。出生於紐約布魯克林，父親是來自蘇聯的猶太移民。
1978年，薩波斯基在哈佛大學以優異成績獲得生物人類學學位後，前往肯亞研究野外猩猩的社會行為。之後回到紐約並在洛克菲勒大學學習，獲得博士學位。目前是史丹福大學生物學暨神經學教授，麥克阿瑟基金會授予研究資助，也是好幾本書的作者。著有數本非虛構作品，包括《一隻靈長類動物的回憶錄》（A Primate’s Memoir）、《睪固酮的麻煩》（The Trouble with Testosteron）和《為什麼斑馬不會得胃潰瘍？》（Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers）、《行為：人類最好和最糟行為背後的生物學》（BEHAVE：The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst）。與妻子、兩個孩子和養的狗住在舊金山。
譯者
唐澄暐
政治大學新聞系、台南藝術大學紀錄所畢業。曾任《台灣立報》國際版版主及編譯。喜愛怪獸及幻想作品，目前同時從事翻譯及怪獸小說寫作。譯有《世界觀：現代年輕人必懂的科學哲學和科學史》《我們的知與不知：探索科學、歷史、人類心智的知識邊界》、《數字公民：如何打造你的識數世界觀，輕鬆成為現代公民！》、《人慈：橫跨二十萬年的人性旅程，用更好的視角看待自己》等書。
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Description
命定：沒有自由意志的科學: : Robert M. Sapolsky BehaveRobert M. Sapolsky Robert M. Sapolsky 1978A Primates MemoirThe Trouble with TestosteronWhy Zebras Dont Get UlcersBEHAVEThe Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst
作者: 羅伯．薩波斯基 | 譯者: 唐澄暐
《行為》作者羅伯．薩波斯基（Robert M. Sapolsky）
從神經認知科學出發，以詼諧輕鬆的方式，反駁了自由意志的神話。
提出人類每一個行為，背後都是由一系列複雜的生物學、神經科學和環境因素的結果，
其中不存在自由意志運作的空間。
薩波斯基也對歷史上人們如何對於思覺失調症患者、
癲癇患者、自閉症、異己者、犯罪者施予懲罰進行了耙梳，
證明人們對於精神疾病和行惡者者越來越瞭解，我們就會變得更具同理心和人道，
加上不存在自由意志的最後一擊，
我們會發現「所謂報應式的懲罰，是徒勞而錯誤的做法」，
從而改變我們的社會和法律框架，比起懲罰更重視矯正。
行為科學家、暢銷書《行為》（Behave）作者羅伯．薩波斯基（Robert M. Sapolsky），暨《行為》之後，深入探討了關於人類做選擇和決定背後的生物科學，以及哲學，提出駁斥自由意志存在的毀滅性案例，呈現出一個具有深遠影響的論點，那就是「人類沒有自由意志」。
在《行為》一書中，他探討人類行為的生物學、神經科學和環境因素，甚至文化因素，表明人類任何一個行為背後，都是由一秒之前、一分鐘之前、一天之前、一年之前、一千年之前……一系列複雜的基因、神經學、環境、文化因素所構成。我們也許無法精準掌握所有結合先天、後天的物理反應和化學反應；但這些生理機制確實深刻影響了我們每個當下的行為表達。而這隱含了「我們的行為是被生理機制和環境共同決定，沒有自由意志運作的空間」的神經科學強烈主張。
在《命定》中，薩波斯基用了一整本書（在《行為》中只用一章篇幅）針對決定論和自由意志展開論證。針對我們幻想――也就是有個獨立存在的自我告訴我們該做什麼（即自由意志）――展開一場精彩的正面攻擊。告訴我們，其實所謂的自由意志，只是一種幻覺罷了。他也不假辭色地駁斥了現代物理學提出的、似乎能佐證非決定論的混沌理論、突現複雜性科學和量子物理學，其實都是決定論的，再次向我們展示了自由意志並不存在。
他的探討不僅停留在學術上的討論，更著重在實際道德責任、歸咎、懲罰、法律判刑等實際運作上，提出當我們「超越自由意志的存在」而對生命擁有新理解後，將會面對「人類就不需為自己的行為負責」的結論，卻不至於使整個社會運作失控。反而提出從歷史上來看，當我們能夠瞭解許多人行惡是眾多因素交織而成的結果，就會更擁有同理心，也能以更人道的看法看待懲罰的概念，從而改善我們的法律體系和懲罰制度，比起懲罰，更重視事前預防犯罪和矯正，便能以更人性化的方式來打造更有同理心的世界。
無論你是否贊成他的觀點，這本書都將成為以有憑有據的論證來挑戰你的可敬對手，引發你深入思考人性、人類行為，以及我們究竟是誰的觀點。
從神經認知科學出發，以詼諧輕鬆的方式，反駁了自由意志的神話。
提出人類每一個行為，背後都是由一系列複雜的生物學、神經科學和環境因素的結果，
其中不存在自由意志運作的空間。
薩波斯基也對歷史上人們如何對於思覺失調症患者、
癲癇患者、自閉症、異己者、犯罪者施予懲罰進行了耙梳，
證明人們對於精神疾病和行惡者者越來越瞭解，我們就會變得更具同理心和人道，
加上不存在自由意志的最後一擊，
我們會發現「所謂報應式的懲罰，是徒勞而錯誤的做法」，
從而改變我們的社會和法律框架，比起懲罰更重視矯正。
行為科學家、暢銷書《行為》（Behave）作者羅伯．薩波斯基（Robert M. Sapolsky），暨《行為》之後，深入探討了關於人類做選擇和決定背後的生物科學，以及哲學，提出駁斥自由意志存在的毀滅性案例，呈現出一個具有深遠影響的論點，那就是「人類沒有自由意志」。
在《行為》一書中，他探討人類行為的生物學、神經科學和環境因素，甚至文化因素，表明人類任何一個行為背後，都是由一秒之前、一分鐘之前、一天之前、一年之前、一千年之前……一系列複雜的基因、神經學、環境、文化因素所構成。我們也許無法精準掌握所有結合先天、後天的物理反應和化學反應；但這些生理機制確實深刻影響了我們每個當下的行為表達。而這隱含了「我們的行為是被生理機制和環境共同決定，沒有自由意志運作的空間」的神經科學強烈主張。
在《命定》中，薩波斯基用了一整本書（在《行為》中只用一章篇幅）針對決定論和自由意志展開論證。針對我們幻想――也就是有個獨立存在的自我告訴我們該做什麼（即自由意志）――展開一場精彩的正面攻擊。告訴我們，其實所謂的自由意志，只是一種幻覺罷了。他也不假辭色地駁斥了現代物理學提出的、似乎能佐證非決定論的混沌理論、突現複雜性科學和量子物理學，其實都是決定論的，再次向我們展示了自由意志並不存在。
他的探討不僅停留在學術上的討論，更著重在實際道德責任、歸咎、懲罰、法律判刑等實際運作上，提出當我們「超越自由意志的存在」而對生命擁有新理解後，將會面對「人類就不需為自己的行為負責」的結論，卻不至於使整個社會運作失控。反而提出從歷史上來看，當我們能夠瞭解許多人行惡是眾多因素交織而成的結果，就會更擁有同理心，也能以更人道的看法看待懲罰的概念，從而改善我們的法律體系和懲罰制度，比起懲罰，更重視事前預防犯罪和矯正，便能以更人性化的方式來打造更有同理心的世界。
無論你是否贊成他的觀點，這本書都將成為以有憑有據的論證來挑戰你的可敬對手，引發你深入思考人性、人類行為，以及我們究竟是誰的觀點。
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4.1 ★★★★★
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Product Reviews
★★★★★ 5
SO MANY BALLS!
I thought id see how my Boston wud react with so many balls to choose from LOL! I love that the squeaker is internal on this toy. On the ones that hv the plug style squeaker my Boston will pull it out then proceeds to pull off the material and a slimy ball is no fun...LOL
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Reviewed in the United States on March 3, 2026
★★★★★ 5
Durable
Size: 10 Pacck, Color: Multicolor
Nice product. These balls have lasted without breaking in half!
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Reviewed in the United States on February 12, 2026
★★★★★ 5
good for puppys young dogs, handle is separate, locking carabiners on both ends
Color: Orange, Size: 30FT
This is a good sturdy leash but probably wouldn't stand up to a conscientious chewer if your dogo has that bad habit. I like this one because the handle is separate so it can be used both as a tie out lead and as a regular lead. I also like the "locking" carabiners that should not open accidentally. I bought the thirty foot version because my new puppy loves to go outside then refuse to come back in or let me catch him when I need him to come inside (not catching me silly Hooman). When he's bigger I won't be so concerned about him being outside alone but since I'm in a sort of rural area, we have the occasional fox and hawk around when the sun goes down. Not too much to worry about in the way of pests but every puppy parent has an obligation to protect their young'un till they gain some wisdom. I have stairs in the back of the house, the way this is made I can attach it to the banister easily so I don't even need one of those tie stakes that bury in the ground. The price wasn't bad, the hardware looks sturdy and should last awhile. I just also bought the fifteen foot version, same quality as the thirty foot product I like that the handle is separate so it can be used as a tie down or a leash easily. My only big wish would perhaps be some more color choices, the orange is nice for visibility a yellow would be nice and then maybe some other colors like red/purple would be good as well. The thickness of the rope means that it doesn't "easily" get tangled into a giant knot. I leave the back door open and puppers can go in and out as he likes but he also sometimes runs around in the living room and thus far haven't had any large tangles to unwrap. He did manage to get the leash caught around a piece of tree branch that was on the ground (and complained loudly) but that was only because the branch was too heavy for him to drag the lead off of by himself. These leads are worth the money, I will likely buy a couple more to keep in the vehicle and other locations besides home.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 29, 2026
★★★★★ 5
My Go-To Leash for Outdoor Fun and Training with My Lab Puppy
Color: Orange, Size: 15FT
The Joytale Long Leash, specifically the 15-foot model, is an exceptional product that has seamlessly integrated into the daily activities of our black lab puppy. Purchasing this leash has proven to be a decision that greatly benefits both our family and our energetic puppy, especially during our adventures in the backyard and while hiking.
The vibrant orange color of the leash stands out, which is not just visually appealing but also significantly enhances safety by ensuring the leash remains highly visible. This feature is particularly useful in varied terrains and during low-light conditions, providing peace of mind that our puppy is always within sight and safe.
The leash's design, featuring a removable padded handle, has been a game-changer for comfort. The padding ensures that our hands are protected from any strain or discomfort, even during those longer hikes or when our puppy gets a bit too excited and pulls. This thoughtful inclusion has made our outdoor adventures much more enjoyable, allowing us to focus on the fun and bonding with our puppy rather than any potential discomfort.
Equally impressive is the double hook mechanism that the Joytale Long Leash boasts. This feature has instilled a great sense of security in us, knowing that the leash is securely attached to our puppy’s collar or harness. It's especially reassuring during hikes in more challenging terrains where a secure leash attachment is crucial for our puppy's safety.
The 15-foot length of the leash has been perfect for our needs. It provides ample space for our black lab puppy to explore and play, whether we're in the backyard or adventuring through hiking trails. This length strikes a perfect balance, offering enough freedom for him to explore while still under our control, facilitating a safe and enjoyable environment for him to learn and grow.
Durability is another aspect where the Joytale Long Leash shines. It has stood up to the rigorous daily activities of our puppy, showing no signs of wear and tear. This durability is not only a testament to the quality of the materials used but also to the thoughtful design that has gone into making this leash a reliable accessory for pet owners.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 7, 2024
★★★★★ 5
Great long leash, would buy again
Color: Blue, Size: 30FT
Well-made leash, perfect for recall training and other situations where the dog needs a bit of space to roam without getting into trouble. Seems to be comfortable for the dog, as it is not inhibiting him from running around and playing.
I bought the 30 foot length 3/8” diameter version. Light weight, good value for the price. Best feature is the locking carabiner, because my rescue pup “moonlights” as an escape artist. 🤣🤣
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Reviewed in the United States on January 22, 2026