JNK1 + JNK2 + JNK3 (phospho T183+T183+T221) Recombinant Rabbit mAb (S-3593)

JNK1 + JNK2 + JNK3 (phospho T183+T183+T221) refers to the activated state of the three main isoforms of the c-Jun N-terminal Kinase family—JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3—following the phosphorylation of key residues within their activation loops. Specifically, the phosphorylation of threonine 183 (T183) in JNK1 and JNK2, and threonine 221 (T221) in JNK3, in conjunction with the phosphorylation of their respective tyrosine residues, is essential for the full activation of JNK. This dual phosphorylation induces a conformational change in the JNK protein, exposing its kinase active site. The JNK signaling pathway is a central hub for cellular responses to environmental stresses, such as ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, osmotic shock, and inflammatory cytokines. Upon activation, the phosphorylated JNK translocates into the nucleus, where it regulates critical cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses by phosphorylating downstream transcription factors like c-Jun and ATF2. It is noteworthy that JNK1 and JNK2 are ubiquitously expressed across various tissues, whereas JNK3 is primarily found in the brain, heart, and testes and is closely associated with neuronal apoptosis. Consequently, detecting the phosphorylation levels of JNK at the T183/T221 sites is a key molecular indicator for measuring the activity of this pathway, and its aberrant activation is closely linked to the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, insulin resistance, and various autoimmune disorders.